Light, as the most pervasive natural element, plays an important role in an individual’ s experience of space. The important place of this phenomenon in various sciences, religions, philosophies, and, above all, its role in perceiving the visual, and environmental effects of architectural spaces is significant. The presence of light and aesthetic perception of space in magnificent Iranian architectural spaces reflect the knowledge and skills of their architects in the use of light. In fact, the wise use of light is one of the significant characteristics of Iranian historical architectural spaces. In addition to providing lighting, in traditional Persian architecture, the use of daylight has met the climatic, physical, psychological, and aesthetic needs. In this regard, Iranian architects have been successful in creative use of light in interior spaces. Various combinations of light entrances confirm this claim. The present study attempts to examine the qualitative and quantitative role of light in a certain type of Safavid architecture, i. e. Rasteh and Charsooq of the Grand (Qeysarriyeh) Bazaar of Isfahan by scrutinizing the relationship of light and its origins with its functional purposes. The Grand Bazaar is an example of a certain type of architecture that stimulates human senses through its spatial arrangement and architectural components. It is comprised of massive arches that provoke the imagination by a sequence of lights and shadows in curved hallways, and create a kind of expectation in people dragging them to the bazaar intersection rich in light entered from the dome aperture. The present study aims at investigating the quantity and quality of daylight, and different functions of light in apertures according to the behavior and use of daylight in a public-commercial space where using different types of apertures is limited due to the specific functions. Part of this study is performed using a descriptive-analytical method and another part is conducted through software analysis in which natural light is simulated in specific dates and at given times throughout a year. Therefore, the quantitative indicators of daylight are assessed using Honeybee and Ladybug plugins, and Radiance engine. Proper lighting quality means a state in which efficiency, legibility, and optimal energy consumption are enhanced and the space attractiveness and youthfulness, as well as residents’ wellbeing is improved. First, to achieve a constant pattern to simulate the changes of daylight in a building, the software was programmed for two specific days of the year when the sun is at its highest and lowest altitudes; i. e. June 21 and December 21. To analyze the pattern of changes in daylight, simulations are performed at three times of the day, including 9 a. m., 12 p. m., and 3 p. m. Evaluation of daylight can be studied in two types of static and dynamic characteristics. Since the quantity and quality of daylight vary at each moment, there are limitations for static evaluations, and today, the dynamic simulation is more widely used by users. Therefore, the Useful Daylight Illuminance (UDI100-2000) unit, which is one of the dynamic indicators, was considered a good option. This indicator shows how long the natural light in the building is useful during occupancy hours (between 100 and 2000 lux). Results show that there is a specific pattern for using and keeping the daylight in space. The combination of walls and ceiling apertures helps to provide suitable lighting during the working hours in Rasteh of the Grand (Qeysarriyeh) Bazaar in Isfahan throughout the year and during all seasons. As a result, the share of daylight intervals throughout the year are almost constant, and no significant difference is observed in the share of daylight received with the change in season. Also, the amount of daylight received in more than 70% of Rasteh area during 50% of the working hours is between 100 and 2000 lux, indicating a good level of natural lighting in space. The Grand Bazaar is one of the places where the concept of time is perceived. Lighting analyses show that the rhythm and the angle of sunrays along the paths is the most important factor for guiding people who are not visually connected to the outside to understand the time and space direction. Despite the limitations that the Grand Bazaar and its specific functions face in applying various types of light apertures, the results of this study show that the designers have considered the light quantity and quality of bazaar since the early stages of design and they have purposefully and practically designed and programmed the use of natural light in the Grand (Qeysarriyeh) Bazaar. The ideas used in this building can be modernized and architects can use them in designing public spaces.

Changes brought about by contemporary developments have not only led to transformation of many historical cities but also loss of plenty of scientific and pseudoscientific experiences of different historical periods. Today, these experiences in the world heritage can be assessed as a part of cultural wealth and intangible heritage. It is known that along with other sciences, astronomy was one of the fundamental aspects in the formation of past architectural productions in some ancient cities. This astronomical aspect in architectural products is rooted in a view beyond structure and place and is considered a part of the knowledge and habits of the time. This has also given a high status and position to important structures and cities. Accordingly, reexploring and recognizing the astronomical aspects of historical places and sites can promote knowledge of their hidden layers and guide the visitors to wider aspects of such an understanding. Naqsh-e Jahan Square, as one of UNESCO's World Heritage Sites, is among the most important urban architectural works in Iran and the symbol of the capital of the Safavid dynasty in Isfahan. Many studies have examined Naqsh-e Jahan from different views. It has been tried within this study to examine the alignment of Naqsh-e Jahan Square with the state of constellations in the sky at the time, recognizing and rereading astronomical considerations adopted in its construction. Two probable periods of time for laying the foundations of the Qeysarriyeh Bazaar (known as the Grand Bazaar) and Naqsh-e Jahan Square were extracted from the Safavid chronicles through descriptive-historical research. Next, the relationship between astrological beliefs and the architecture of this urban site was examined based on the astronomical principles using sky simulation software. The findings indicated a new inference on the accurate time of the planning of the square and the influence on its axis from its celestial view and perspective.

The main target of the present study is analyzing Bazaar as a field. Analysis of Tehran traditional bazaar was performed based on compound methodological approach and Bourdieu’s field theory, and through applying techniques such as observation, participant observation, interviews and so on. Moreover, credible sources and documents were studied. Based on the findings, it can be said that contrary to the conventional economic (neo-classical) approaches, Bazaar does not act based on spontaneous order; and the Bazaaris’ interactions do not occur in an ordered and coordinated manner. Rather, Bazaar acts like a field in which Bazaaris compete against each other relying on their different sources and capitals, and in accordance with their particular habitual traits. Furthermore, the findings show that during the previous half century, Tehran’s traditional bazaar has experienced structural changes in three stages. Bazaar’s internal forces have been displaced in each stage and the rules have changed accordingly.

Along the human history, business centers have been under many disparities. By the passage of time vast areas of cities land had been devoted to the business use and its physical appearance had appeared as shop, bazaar, passage, department store, etc. A new retail economic geography, with regard to the reuse of spaces in form of megamalls and the transmission of retail capital, both in the inner cities and in the international setting, giving a special attention to the phenomenon of the reconstruction and change in the retail system has been observed. The theoretical approach to shopping and consumption as a form of leisure, hadled to innovation in the business, service, and recreation spaces, one of which is megamall. Various studies have shown that megamalls have been the main business perspectives of many countries in the world and have vital roles in the retail and tourism industry. This paper is a review-descriptive study and it aims to study and identify the megamalls based on the leisure view of the shopping and consumption. It was concluded that an appropriate integration of physical and functional potentials of Tabriz Traditional Bazaar, as a world heritage, in megamalls can disseminate Tabriz bazaar potentials. It is suggested that creating megamalls based on these potentials as commercial- recreational, leisure and service centers and poles and a ring communication network in the Tabriz city domaincan reduce the economic and traffic load of bazaar and other problems of the city, specially the city center, and it would maintain the bazaar.

In recent decades and with deep structural and social transformations of cities, Bazaar as the socio-economic source of Iranian traditional city has undergone considerable changes. In most cases, bazaar has changed from a moving center with a strong centrality into a relatively marginal element in particular in connection withy the urban performance. In other words, a main part of it has been facing with the fall of socio-economic and structural fall of values. This has made a noticeable part of bazaar in particular the sideline elements and those separated from the main route to encounter with recession and annihilation. Relying on library studies, field studies and comparative study of maps, the present article is an attempt to study the changes in the structure of bazaar of Kermanshah city and the factors affecting these changes. The historical city of Kermanshah has always had an important commercial status with regard to its position and has had a thriving state bazaar. According to the existing documents, Kermanshah bazaar was at the climax of glory at the end of Qajar period. After that period, taking into consideration the speedy urban growth and the increasing trend of renovation, bazaar like other urban elements and components experienced deep changes and faded to a great extent from the viewpoint of function and structure. In general, the main reason for these changes can be sought in change in methods of production and consumption, contemporary renovation and modernism, arrival of cars and new street branching, new urban planning and change in the role and performance of Kermanshah city.

Iran's historical Bazaars are a comprehensive example of Iranian indigenous culture and the social capital of these Bazaars can be explored in cultural and religious, social, economic, historical, semantic, and spatial dimensions. Historical Bazaars have high environmental patterns and qualities with valuable spaces, traditions, events and structures that have been rich and dynamic social capital over time. This is undermined by the construction of contemporary passages and shopping malls with non-indigenous styles. This paper aims to explain the dimensions and qualities of social capital in historical Bazaars and a case study of Tabriz's historical Bazaar, using analytical-documentary research method and field survey. Historic Bazaars, with valuable patterns in the structure and components of indigenous traditions in spaces such as the Order, Timche, Serra, corridors, and mosques, carry a huge collection of consensus capital over time. Field survey research shows that items such as social interaction, participation in ceremonies and helping the needy, belonging and safety, attending mosques, and observing the rights of others have a mean score of 3. 76 and 3. 85 respectively. Social Capital in the Historical Bazaar of Tabriz Based on the Economic Basis, the Spatial and Physical System of Iranian-Islamic Culture Cultural and religious based on celebrations, mourning, religious beliefs, helping the needy, strong neighborly relations).

Bazaars are among the few historical buildings that still continue to operate. The Bazaar in a city has been important not only from economic aspects but also from cultural and social aspects. Today, the empty space of such urban spaces, which can become a lasting space by creating a sense of belonging and peace, while meeting the needs of today's people, is felt very much. Sound is one of the main factors in creating memories in the human mind. In order to investigate the role of sound in the traditional architecture of Iran, a research was conducted in the Vakil Bazzar of Shiraz. The final goal of this research is to investigate the quantitative and qualitative conditions of the sound using sound meter software in the Vakil Bazzar of Shiraz. The permissible level of noise pollution in urban spaces is 60 decibels based on the resolution of the Supreme Council of Environmental Protection of Iran for commercial areas. The results of this research indicate that in the quietest conditions, the noise pollution for at least 33% of the Bazzar space is higher than the maximum allowed amount of noise pollution. How to improve the sound conditions in Vakil Bazzar, such as reducing noise by creating a masking sound source, creating a pond and a fountain, is one of the most important results of this research.

Iranian traditional bazaar has been among influential groups in the victory of Islamic revolution. Subsequent to the revolution, the relation between government and bazaar changed. Two theories may be laid out to explain this change: first independence of bazaaris from government second government's domination over bazaar and guilds. Given evidence through historical research method, it seems that both theories refer to bazaar realities after revolution.Results of this study indicates that during first decade following the revolution, the relationship between government and bazaar changed; a part of bazaar joined the government and a governmental part of bazaar was formed and important governmental positions were assigned to them. Nonpolitical part of bazaar went into a retreat and lost its power in civil society.

Our knowledge about the history of the historic bazaar in Kermanshah is very limited. It has been said that the bazaar once extended from east gate to west gate in the city. Nevertheless, what is left of the bazaar is its middle part in the city center. This research attempts to identify the formation of the bazaar and determine dates of construction for its key monuments through a review of documents related to key patrons of the city. The results indicate that the construction of the bazaar started from the east gate at the beginning of Qajar rule circa 1780 AD. Under the rule of Nasser-ed-Din Shah during the next fifty years, the bazaar extended westwards. The last phase in formation of the bazaar corresponds to the last years of the Qajar Dynasty, which ends in 1920s. In the subsequent Pahlavi Period, new streets were built through the fabric cutting the bazaar in sections. Many of the monuments were then demolished and/or replaced with modern buildings, plazas, etc.

Trade as the most important form of social exchange is one of the main activities of human beings. An activity that has led to construction of special spaces and places called "Bazaar" in various forms, and also Islamic cities are recognized by the bazaar from all cities of different historical periods. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to analyze the bazaar element in Yazd as an example of IranianIslamic cities. The method used in the above research is descriptive and survey. at first, the different utopias of Western thinkers and also ten Islamic cities, randomly inside and outside Iran(instead of eastern utopias) were selected based on age and reputation. They were examined and their indicators of bazaars were extracted. Finally, according to extracted indicators of bazaars in western and Islamic cities, the degree of conformity of Yazd Khan Bazaar with the bazaar of Western and Islamic thinkers was examined. The research shows that the bazaar element, in some cities such as Yazd, still plays a role as the main feature of the city and has the appropriate physical and social credibility. In addition, after examining the characteristics of different bazaars, it was found that Yazd Khan Bazaar is the most similar to the bazaars of Islamic cities in terms of physics and construction pattern.